Translation Stage

A translation stage, also known as a linear translation stage or XY stage, is a mechanical device employed in a motion system to move an object precisely in a linear direction. It is widely used in research and industrial applications that require high-precision positioning and movement of small objects, such as microscopy and optical alignment.

There are two types of translation stages based on the control system used:

• Manual stages, controlled by manually turning a knob or a screw
• Motorized stages, controlled through a computer to achieve high accuracy and repeatability.

Translation stages are typically available as either a single axis or multi-axis, including an XY stages, or XYZ stages. Each axis of the stage must constrain the six degrees of freedom (X, Y, Z, roll, pitch, and yaw) of the payload to only one, producing translation along a straight line. This is accomplished with a set of linear bearing guideways attached to a base structural member that provides stiff support. Linear stages designed specifically for vertical motion can be viewed on our Z Stages page.

The linear bearing guideways can be implemented in a number of ways, including:

• Ball and crossed roller bearings
• Recirculating bearings
• Cam followers or vee wheels
• Air bearings

A stage with a linear motor, also called a linear translation stage, requires a linear feedback device as well as a servo drive and control to close a position feedback loop. With a high-resolution linear encoder, linear actuators can provide position control down to the nanometer level. A typical application for high precision linear actuators is to control the focus of a microscope objective in a digital imaging system.  

Once the payload has been constrained to a single degree of freedom, the system’s next mission is to actuate the payload and provide precise incremental linear motion along the guideway.

Linear actuator methods include:

• Friction screws with anti-backlash nuts
• Ball screws
• Belt and pulley
• Rack and pinion
• Piezo actuators
• Linear motors

A translation stage is a mechanical device used in a motion system to move an object precisely in a linear direction.

It is widely used in research and industrial applications that require high-precision positioning and movement of small objects, such as microscopy and optical alignment. It ensures accurate positioning and smooth movement of the object, making it essential for tasks requiring precise control in various applications such as microscopy, optical alignment, and scientific research.

Here are a few examples of translation stages:

• XY stage: This is a two-axis stage that allows for movement in both the X and Y directions. It is commonly used in applications such as microscopy, laser cutting, and semiconductor manufacturing.
• Z stage: This is a single-axis stage that allows for movement in the vertical direction. It is commonly used in applications such as focusing microscopes and aligning optical components.
• XYZ stage: This is a three-axis stage that allows for movement in all three directions. It is commonly used in applications such as robotic welding, 3D printing, and automated assembly.
• Linear stage: This is a single-axis stage that allows for movement in a straight line. It is commonly used in applications such as linear actuators and conveyor systems.

A translation stage mechanism is a type of motion control system that enables precise linear movement in a single direction. It typically consists of a linear motor, a ball screw, or a piezoelectric actuator, which allows for smooth and accurate movement in a controlled environment and can be customized based on the application requirements, such as speed, precision, and load capacity. The mechanism can be controlled manually or through a computer to achieve the desired position with high accuracy and repeatability.

The 3 axis translation stage is a type of motion control system used in engineering applications that requires precise positioning and movement of an object in three perpendicular directions. These stages typically consist of three linear actuators that enable movement in the X, Y, and Z axes.

The precision of this type of stage can range from a few microns to sub-nanometer levels, depending on the design and the quality of manufacturing. We can enhance the resolution and repeatability of the stage by adding feedback sensors such as encoders or interferometers. Engineers can integrate 3-axis translation stages with other motion control systems, such as rotary stages or robotic arms, to achieve complex motion profiles for advanced manufacturing, scientific research, or aerospace.